36. Astronomer David Hogg doesn’t think scooping is as serious a problem as generally thought.
【译文】 天文学家大卫·霍格认为剽窃问题并不像大家认为得那么严重。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词David Hogg、scooping和a problem定位到［M］段倒数第二句。
【详解】 ［M］段提到，霍格说，剽窃并不像很多人认为的那样是个大问题。题干中的doesn’t think…as serious a problem as generally thought 对应原文中的less of a problem than many think，故答案为M)。
M) Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp will protect scientists from being scooped. “This is the sweet spot between sharing and getting credit for it, while discouraging plagiarism (剽窃),” says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinator at the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think. “The two cases I’m familiar with didn’t involve open data or code,” he says.
37. Some researchers are hesitant to make their data public for fear that others might publish something similar before them.
【译文】 一些研究者对公开数据犹豫不决是因为担心其他人可能会先于他们发表类似的东西。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词hesitant、fear和publish定位到［G］段最后一句。
【详解】 ［G］段提到，这种担忧或许是人们在分享数据时徘徊犹豫的一个原因，即使是在期刊上发表时要求公开数据。题干中的hesitant对应原文中的lingering hesitation，故答案为G)。
G) Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stages of a career. “Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped (被抢先),” says New York University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingering hesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.
38. Some psychology journals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share their data.
【译文】 一些心理学期刊提供优惠政策鼓励作者分享他们的数据。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词psychology journals和incentives定位到［D］段第三句。
【详解】 ［D］段提到，一些心理学期刊也激励更多的人对可复制性科学感兴趣，比如在一些文章上贴上“开放数据”的标记，清楚地指明在哪里可以找到数据。题干中的have offered incentives对应原文中的have created incentives，故答案为D)。
D) Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a field rocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocal supporters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have created incentives to increase interest in reproducible science—for example, by affixing an ‘open-data’ badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to social psychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the average data-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increased tenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.
39. There is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to the public.
【译文】 对科学界向公众开放研究数据的需求不断增长。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词research data和public定位到［A］段第一句。
【详解】 ［A］段第一句提到，这是一项产生持续声势的运动：使研究数据、软件代码和实验方法公开、透明的呼吁。题干中的a growing demand对应原文中的a movement building steady momentum; be open to the public对应原文中的publicly available and transparent，故答案为A)。
A) It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code and experimental methods publicly available and transparent. A spirit of openness is gaining acceptance in the science community, and is the only way, say advocates, to address a ‘crisis’ in science whereby too few findings are successfully reproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range of observations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.
40. Sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level of reputation.
【译文】 共享数据为初级研究者提供了建立一定声誉的机会。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词Sharing data、 early-career researchers和reputation定位到［P］段第一句。
【详解】 ［P］段首句提到，与同事共享数据、软件和材料能够帮助初级研究者获得认可，这也是成功的关键部分。题干中的build a certain level of reputation对应原文中的gain recognition，故答案为P)。
P) In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-career researcher to gain recognition—a crucial component of success. “The thing you are searching for is reputation,” says Titus Brown, a genomics(基因组学) researcher at the University of California, Davis. “To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achieve some level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presence—especially in a larger sphere, outside the communities you know—is a net win.”
41. Data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus leading to more citations.
【译文】 数据共享能使科学家公开他们研究工作的每一个步骤，因而可以获得更多的引用。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词publish each step 和citations定位到［L］段第三、四句。
【详解】 ［L］段提到，科学家可使用这个数字对象标识符来公布研究周期的每一个步骤，而不仅仅是最终的论文。这样一来，他们就可能获得三次引用。 题干中的their research work对应原文中的the research life cycle，故答案为L)。
L) Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations—one each for the data and software, in addition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data have little currency in academia, they can have other benefits.
42. Scientists hold different opinions about the extent and timing of data sharing.
【译文】 科学家对数据共享的程度和时机持有不同意见。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词Scientists、timing和data sharing定位到［B］段第四句。
【详解】 ［B］段提到，科学家对于他们分享多少数据和何时分享数据持有不同的观点。题干中的hold different opinions对应原文中的disagree; the extent and timing对应原文中的how much and when，故答案为B)。
B) The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begun to back policies that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientists disagree about how much and when they should share data, and they debate whether sharing it is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities and problems. As more journals and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growing number of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their place between adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their own careers.
43. Potential problems related to data sharing should be made known to and discussed by all participants at the beginning of a joint research project.
【译文】 关于数据共享的潜在问题，在一项共同研究项目的一开始就应该让所有参与者知晓和讨论。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词Potential problems和discussed 定位到［O］段第二句。
【详解】 ［O］段提到，对于开放科学的担心在研究之初就应该加以讨论。题干中的at the beginning of是对原文中at the outset of的同义转述，故答案为O)。
O) Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, he says. Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study. “Whenever you start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectations for who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them,” he says.
44. Sharing data and handling data-related issues can be time-consuming.
【译文】 共享数据和处理数据相关的问题可能会很费时间。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词handling和time-consuming定位到［I］段第二句。
【详解】 ［I］段最后一句提到，一旦数据和相关材料出现在存储库中，回答问题和处理投诉会花费很多时间。题干中的be time-consuming对应原文中的take many hours，故答案为I)。
I) Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository (存储库), answering questions and handling complaints can take many hour.
45. Junior researchers may have no say when it comes to sharing data.
【译文】 初级研究者在共享数据的问题上可能没有话语权。
【定位】 由题干中的关键词Junior researchers和have no say定位到［F］段第二句。
【详解】 ［F］段提到，研究生和博士后通常是依靠实验室主管的资金，如果他们的主管或者其他资深的同事反对共享的话，他们可能也没有别的选择。题干中的Junior researchers对应原文中的Graduate students and postdocs; have no say对应原文中的have no choice，故答案为F)。
F) But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in open science, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students and postdocs, who often are working on their lab head’s grant, may have no choice if their supervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing.
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