36. A number of factors are driving down the global oil prices not just for now but in the foreseeable future.
【译文】 不仅当前，而且在可预见的将来，许多因素都在驱使全球石油价格走低。
【定位】 由题干关键词factors和oil prices定位到[D]段第一、三句和最后一句。
D) Oil prices are expected to remain lower for longer. The advent of new technologies has added about 4.2 million barrels per day to the crude oil market, contributing to a global over-supply. In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategic behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling-down of global demand（especially from emerging markets）, the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes. These likely persistent forces, like the growth of shale （页岩）, point to a “low for long” scenario. Futures markets, which show only a modest recovery of prices to around $60 a barrel by 2019, support this view.
【详解】 ［D］段提到当前多种使油价走低的因素；并在该段最后提出期货市场的预测，即到2019年，油价也不会显著提高。题干是对定位部分的概括，故答案为D)。
37. Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
【译文】 碳定价是减少温室气体排放最经济的方法。
【定位】 由题干关键词Pricing carbon和the most economical way 定位到[L]段第二、三句。
L) The nations participating at COP 21 are focusing on quantitative emissions-reduction commitments. Economic reasoning shows that the least expensive way for each country is to put a price on carbon emissions. The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first. The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions. A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes. In order to maximize global welfare, every country’s carbon pricing should reflect not only the purely domestic damages from emissions, but also the damages to foreign countries.
【详解】 定位句提到，对每个国家来说，最低成本的方法是对碳排放收费。原因是当碳被定价时，最低成本的减排措施会首先实施。题干中的Pricing carbon对应原文中的put a price on carbon emissions; the most economical way与原文中的the least expensive way以及least costly属于同义替换，故答案为L)。
38. It is estimated that extreme weather conditions have endangered the lives of millions of African children.
【译文】 据估计，极端气候已危及数百万非洲儿童的生命。
【定位】 由题干关键词African children定位到[J]段第二句。
J) Some climate impacts may already be discernible. For example, the United Nations Children’s Fund estimates that some 11 million children in Africa face hunger, disease, and water shortages as a result of the strongest El Niño（厄尔尼诺）weather phenomenon in decades. Many scientists believe that El Niño events, caused by warming in the Pacific, are becoming more intense as a result of climate change.
【详解】 定位句提到，大约1 100万非洲儿童因为厄尔尼诺这种极端气候面临饥饿、疾病和缺水问题。题干中的African children对应原文中的Children in Africa，故答案为J)。
39. The prices of coal are low as a result of over-supply and decreasing demand.
【译文】 由于供应过剩和需求减少，煤炭价格随之走低。
【定位】 由题干关键词The prices of coal和over-supply定位到[E]段最后一句。
E) Natural gas and coal—also fossil fuels—have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived. Coal and natural gas are mainly used for electricity generation, whereas oil is used mostly to power transportation, yet the prices of all these energy sources are linked. The North American shale gas boom has resulted in record low prices there. The recent discovery of the giant Zohr gas field off the Egyptian coast will eventually have impact on pricing in the Mediterranean region and Europe, and there is significant development potential in many other places, notably Argentina. Coal prices also are low, owing to over-supply and the scaling down of demand, especially from China, which burns half of the world’s coal.
【详解】 定位句提到由于供大于求和需求不旺，尤其中国对煤炭的依赖性变化，导致煤炭价格走低。题干中的as a result of对应原文中的owing to; decreasing对应原文中的scaling-down，故答案为E)。
40. Higher fossil fuel prices prove to be conducive to innovation and application of cleaner technology.
【译文】 化石燃料的较高价格有利于清洁技术的创新和应用。
【定位】 由题干关键词Higher fossil fuel prices和innovation and application定位到[H]段第二句。
H) Unfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels. There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices. The same is true for new technologies for alleviating fossil fuel emissions.
【详解】 定位句指出大量有力证据表明化石燃料价格上升有利于清洁技术的革新和使用。题干中的prove to be conducive to是对原文中are strongly encouraged by的同义替换，故答案为H)。
41. If fossil fuel prices remain low for a long time, it may lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases.
【译文】 如果化石燃料的价格在很长一段时间处于低价，可能会导致温室气体排放量增加。
【定位】 由题干关键词fossil fuel prices， higher emissions和greenhouse gases定位到[A]段第一句和最后一句。
A) Fossil fuel prices are likely to stay “low for long”. Notwithstanding important recent progress in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies. The result would be higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
【详解】 ［A］段指出化石燃料价格在很长一段时间内会保持较低的水平，这会引起新能源创新不足，进而导致温室气体排放量增加。题干中的remain low for a long time对应原文中的stay “low for long”，故答案为A)。
42. Fossil fuels remain the major source of primary energy consumption in today’s world.
【译文】 化石燃料仍然是当今世界一级能源消费的主要来源。
【定位】 由题干关键词Fossil fuels 和primary energy consumption定位到[G]段第二句。
G) Progress in the development of renewables could be fragile, however, if fossil fuel prices remain low for long. Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas. But renewable energy will have to displace fossil fuels to a much greater extent in the future to avoid unacceptable climate risks.
【详解】 ［G］段指出虽然可再生能源有好处，但目前化石燃料仍然是当今全球的一次能源消耗。题干中的remain the major source of对应原文中的is still dominated by，故答案为G)。
43. Even major fossil exporting countries have great potential to develop renewable energies.
【译文】 即使是主要的化石燃料出口国，也有很大的潜力开发可再生能源。
【定位】 由题干关键词exporting countries和have…potential to develop renewable定位到[F]段第二句。
F) Technological innovations have unleashed the power of renewables such as wind, hydro, solar, and geothermal （地热）. Even Africa and the Middle East, home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables. For example, the United Arab Emirates has endorsed an ambitious target to draw 24% of its primary energy consumption from renewable sources by 2021.
【详解】 定位句提到，非洲和中东主要依赖化石燃料出口，但其有很大潜力发展可再生能源，并且以阿联酋为例进行说明，故答案为F)。
44. Greenhouse gas emissions, if not properly dealt with, will pose endless risks for mankind.
【译文】 如果不妥善处理温室气体排放，将给人类带来无尽的风险。
【定位】 由题干关键词Greenhouse gas emissions定位到[O]段最后一句。
O) The hope is that the success of COP 21 opens the door to future international agreement on carbon prices. Agreement on an international carbon-price floor would be a good starting point in that process. Failure to address comprehensively the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, however, exposes all generations, present and future, to incalculable risks.
【详解】 定位句提到温室气体排放如不能解决，将使我们世世代代处于危险境地。题干中的pose endless risks for mankind对应原文中的exposes all generations…to incalculable risks，故答案为O)。
45. It is urgent for governments to increase the cost of using fossil fuels to an appropriate level to lessen the catastrophic effects of climate change.
【译文】 各国政府迫切需要将化石燃料的使用成本提高到适当水平，以减轻气候变化带来的灾难性影响。
【定位】 由题干关键词effects of climate change定位到[B]段第二句。
B) Policymakers should not allow low energy prices to derail the clean energy transition. Action to restore appropriate price incentives, notably through corrective carbon pricing, is urgently needed to lower the risk of irreversible and potentially devastating effects of climate change. That approach also offers fiscal benefits.
【详解】 ［B］段提到政策制定者不能让能源价格走低来破坏清洁能源转型。迫切需要通过纠正碳定价等措施来恢复合理的价格刺激，以降低气候变化引起的不可逆转或潜在的破坏性影响的风险。题干是对定位句的同义转述，故答案为B)。
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