全文翻译

富孩子和穷孩子的抚养方式截然不同

[A]美国贫富家庭中的子女生活差距,看起来比以往任何时候都大。

[B]皮尤研究中心的一项新调查发现,富裕家庭完全接日程安排行事,子女跳芭蕾、踢足球、参加课外项目。 (44)这些家庭通常是双亲家庭,家长会花大量时间为子女朗读,并且也特别关注孩子的焦虑程度和紧张的日程 安排。

[C]与此同时,贫因家庭的孩子往往待在家中或在大家庭中消磨时光。他们成长的社区更可能被父母形容 为不合养育孩子,而且父母会担心他们遭枪击、挨打或参与违法活动。

[D](39)子女抚养方面的阶层差异正在扩大,这是不平等现象加剧的一个征兆,将会有深远的影响。不同 的养育方式会将孩子置于不同的成长道路,并加深社会经济的差距,尤其是考虑到教育与收入的较强关联性。 孩子成长过程中,会学到在其所处的社会经济阶层内取得成功的技能,但不一定会学到其他阶层的技能。

[E]斯坦福大学从事贫穷和教育不平等研究的教授肖恩·里尔登指出:“早期童年经历会对儿童在社会、情 感和认知方面的长期发展产生很大影响。由于这些因素会影响教育的成功,进而影响以后的收入,因此早期童年 经历会影响人的一生。这个循环远不止如此;较穷的父母可以投入到子女身上的时间和资源较少,这会使子 女的入学和工作准备不足,进而导致收入较低。

[F](37)皮尤的报告和过去的研究发现,美国父母对子女的期望都差不多,希望他们健康快乐,诚实有道 德,富有爱心和同情心。研究人员认为,世界上并无最佳的养育方式或理念;在所有收入阶层中92%的父母认 为他们在养育子女上做得不错。但是,他们的养育方法却大大不同。安妮特·拉罗认为,中产阶级和较高收入 的父母将子女看成需要精心培育的工程。他们努力通过密切监督和有组织的活动来培养孩子的技能。教导孩 子质疑权威,出入精英机构。拉罗对该主题的研究具有突破性意义,并将结论发表在《不平等的童年:阶级、种族 和家庭生活》一书中。

[G](36)而工薪阶层的父母则认为子女可以自然而然地成长,所以给孩子更多的自主权和自由玩耍的时 间,孩子们所受的教育多是顺从尊重长辈。(40)两种培养方式各有所长。拉罗发现,工薪阶层的子女更快乐 题。但在未来,较富裕家庭的孩子更有可能到大学深造,走上进入中产阶级的道路,但工薪阶层的孩子却要付出 更多的努力。拉罗说,高收入家庭的子女可以更自如地应对官场上的事宜,在学习和工作中也易取得成功。

[H]“是否所有的父母都希望自己的孩子获得最大的成功?绝对是这样。”拉罗说。“某些策略是不是可以 让孩子在学校里取得更多优势?答案也多是肯定的。(43)如果父母少安排一次活动,会不会对孩子有害?我对 此却持怀疑态度。

[I]杜会科学家声称,差异存在的部分原因是,低收入家庭可以花在音乐课或学前班上的资金较少,日程上 的灵活性也较差,所以陪同孩子去博物馆或参加校园活动的机会也少。皮尤在全国范围内展开调查,从其1,807 个父母样本中得出结论:课外活动能集中体现教育孩子方面的差异。年收入超过7.5万美元的家庭中,84%的父 母声称其孩子在过去一年间参加过有组织的体育活动,64%参与过志愿者工作,还有62%学过音乐、舞蹈或美 术。而在年收入低于3万美元的家庭中,仅有59%的孩子参与过体育活动,37%参与过志愿者工作,41%上过艺 术班。

[J]尤其在富有家庭,孩子们很小就参与各种活动。近50%的高收入且大学毕业的父母在其子女5岁前就 把他们送去学艺术,相比之下,教育程度较低的低收入家长这么做的比例为20%。然而,富裕家庭的父母当中 有20%认为其子女的日程安排过于紧凑,而较低收入的父母在这一方面的比例仅有8%。

[K]另一个例证是大声朗读。研究表明,大声朗读会赋予孩子更多的词汇量,阅读理解能力也更强。71% 拥有大学学位的父母称他们要求孩子每天都进行朗读,而高中或更低学历的父母仅有33%要求孩子这么做。婚 内双亲家庭和白人父母更乐于每天给孩子朗读。多数富有家庭会让孩子们上学前班或日托班,但低收入家庭更 可能依赖家人照顾孩子。(42)教育层次还导致家长处罚子女的差异:具有研究生学位且声称经常打孩子的父 母占比为8%,而高中或高中以下学历的父母,经常这样做的比例达到22%。

[L]调查还探究了家长的态度和焦虑情况。有趣的是,家长对教育的态度似乎与家长的教育背景关系不是 很大,而与是否持有教育对出人头地具有重要意义这个信念的关系更大。多数美国家长表示,只要孩子努力学 习,就不会关心孩子的分数。但在贫困家长中,有半数称他们认为孩子取得大学学位很重要,相比之下,在较为 富裕的家长中这一比例仅为39%。

[M]教育程度较低的家长、较贫困的家长、黑人家长和拉丁裔家长,更倾向于认为自己并不存在过多干预孩 子教育的问题。而白人家长、富有的家长或受过大学教育的家长更认为过多干预会导致不好的影响。父母的焦 虑反映了他们的家庭条件。高收入家长更倾向认为,他们生活的社区适合抚养孩子。(38)总体而言,孩子受欺 凌是父母最大的担忧,但低收入的家长中有近半数担心自己的孩子会遭遇枪击,而高收入的家长具有相同看法 的比例仅为20%。后者更担心的是孩子出现抑郁或焦虚。

[N]在皮尤的调查中,年收入在3万至7.5万美元的中产家庭,在居住的社区是否适合养育孩子、参与课外 舌动、干涉孩子的教育等问题上,正好处在工薪阶层和高收入阶层家长之间。

[O]当然,养育孩子有的时候还是有共性的。里尔登的研究发现,在高收入家庭和低收入家庭中,出生于 2001年的孩子当中的成绩差距与25年前出生的孩子相比扩大了30%-40%。(41)过去我们周围多居住着不同 收入水平的邻居,但如今出现了更多因收入不同而隔离开来的社区。根据皮尤的研究,超过四分之一的孩子生 活在单亲家庭,这是有记录以来的最高水平,而这些孩子生活在贫困当中的可能性是婚内双亲家庭的三倍。与 此同时,收入不平等加剧的同时,要想步入中产阶级,获得大学学位的重要性愈加彰显。

[P](45)但近来有迹象表明,差距有可能开始减小,在过去十年间,虽然收入不平等加刷,但抚养孩子的 些社会经济差异,比如为孩子朗读书籍、陪孩子去图书馆,已经在缩小。

[Q]针对年幼孩子的公共政策,包括公立学前教育项目和读书活动,是有作用的。似乎可以说,越早地解决 差距问题,越有可能在下一代身上减少不平等现象。

详解详析

36. Working-class parents teach their children to be obedient and show respect to adults.

(译文)工薪阶层的 父母教导孩子要听话 尊重大人。

(定位)由题干关键词 Working-class parents 和 adults定位到原文 画线处。

G)  Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and deferential to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, whine less and are closer with family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and enroute to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.

(详解)[G]段指出,工薪阶层的父母认为子女可以自然面然地成长,所以给孩子更多的自主权和自由玩要 的时间。孩子们所受的教育多是顺从尊重长辈。原文中的 compliant和 respectful to adults分别对应题干中 的 obedient和 show respect to adults,故答案为G)。


37. American parents, whether rich or poor, have similar expectations of their children despite different ways of parenting.

(译文)尽管美国父母的养 育方式不同,但无论贫富,他们 对子女的期望都是一样的。

定位)由题干关键词 Amencan parents、 similar和 heir children定位到原文画 线处。

F)  American parents want similar things for their children, the Pew report and past research have found: for them to be healthy and happy, honest and ethical, caring and compassionate. There is no best parenting style or philosophy, researchers say, and across income groups, 92 percent of parents say they are doing a good job at raising their children. Yet they are doing it quite differently. Middle-class and higher-income parents see their children as projects in need of careful cultivation, says Annette Lareau, whose groundbreaking research on the topic was published in her book Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life. They try to develop their skills through close supervision and organized activities, and teach children to question authority figures and navigate elite institutions.

定位句指出,美国父母都希望自己的孩子能够健康快乐,诚实有道德等。题干中的si ions对应原文中的 similar things,故答案为F)。


38. While rich parents are more concerned with their children’s psychological well-being, poor parents are more worried about their children’s safety.

(译文)富有的父母更关心孩子的 心理健康,而贫穷的父母更担心孩 子的安全。

(定位)由题干关键词 rich parents 和 poor parents定位到原文画 线处。

M)  Less-educated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child’s education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college-educated say too much involvement can be bad. Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High-earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents’ greatest concern over all, nearly half of low-income parents worry their child will get shot, compared with one-fifth of high-income parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.

(详解)定位句指出,所有的父母都很关注孩子是否受到欺凌,而收入较低的父母最担心的是孩子会遭遇枪 击,较富有的父母更关注孩子是否会有抑郁或焦虑等心理问题。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为M)。


39. The increasing differences in child rearing between rich and poor families reflect growing social inequality.

(译文)富裕家庭和贫穷家庭抚养子女 越来越大的差异,反映了日益严重的社会 不平等现象。

定位由题干关键词 differences in child rearing和 inequality定位到原文画 线处。

D)  The class differences in child rearing are growing, researchers say—a symptom of widening inequality with far-reaching consequences. Different upbringings set children on different paths and can deepen socioeconomic divisions, especially because education is strongly linked to earnings. Children grow up learning the skills to succeed in their socioeconomic stratum, but not necessarily others.

(详解)定位句指出,子女抚养方面的阶层差异正在扩大,这是不平等现象加剧的一个征兆,将会有深远的影 响。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为D)。


40. Parenting approaches of working-class and affluent families both have advantages.

(译文)工薪家庭和富裕 家庭的养育方式各有利弊。

(定位)由题干关键词 approaches Fn advantages 定位到原文画线处。

G)  Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and deferential to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, whine less and are closer with family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and enroute to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.

详解(G)段指出两种教育方法各有利,并进行了详尽对比,题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为G)。


41. Higher-income families and working-class families tend to live in different neighborhoods.

(译文)高收入家庭和工薪 家庭现在居住在不同的 社区。

(定位)由题干关键词 different neighborhoods 定 位至原文画线处。

O)  Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is 30 percent to 40 percent larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon’s research. People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income. More than a quarter of children live in single-parent households—a historic high, according to Pew—and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing income inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middle-class wage.

(详解)定位句指出,以前不同收入水平的邻居杂居于同一社区,但如今出现了更多因收入不同而隔离开来 的社区。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为O)。


42. Physical punishment is used much less by well-educated parents.

(译文)受过良好教育 的父母很少体罚孩子。

(定位由题干关键词 Physical punishment定位 至原文画线处。

K)  Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading comprehension in school. Seventy-one percent of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, compared with 33 percent of those with a high school diploma or less, Pew found. White parents are more likely than others to read to their children daily, as are married parents. Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while low-income parents are more likely to depend on family members. Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8 percent of those with a postgraduate degree say they often spank their children, compared with 22 percent of those with a high school degree or less.

(详解)定位句指出教育层次还导致家长处罚子女的差异:具有研究生学位且声称经常打孩子的父母占比为 8%.,面高中或高中以下学历的父母,经常这样做的比例达到2%,题干中的 Physical punishment对应原文中 children,故答案为K)。


43. Ms. Lareau doesn’t believe participating in fewer after-class activities will negatively affect children’s development.

(译文)安妮特·拉罗不相信参加较少的课外活 动会对孩子的发展产生负面影响。

(定位)由题干关键词 fewer after-class activities 定位至原文画线处。

H)  “Do all parents want the most success for their children? Absolutely,” she said. “Do some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions? Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity? No, I really doubt it.”

(详解)(H段在引用安妮特·拉罗的话时,提到“如果父母少安排一次活动,会不会对孩子有害?我对此却 持怀疑态度。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为H)。


44. Wealthy parents are concerned about their children’s mental health and busy schedules.

(译文)富有的父母关心孩子的心理健康和繁 忙的日程安排。

(定位)由题干关键词 mental health和busy schedules定位至原文画线处。

B)  Well-off families are ruled by calendars, with children enrolled in ballet, soccer and after-school programs, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. There are usually two parents, who spend a lot of time reading to children and worrying about their anxiety levels and hectic schedules.

(详解)定位句指出较富有的家庭中,父母更关注孩子的焦虑程度和紧张的日程安排。题干中的are concerned about对应原文中的 worrying about,故答案为B)。


45. Some socioeconomic differences in child rearing have shrunk in the past ten years.

(译文)过去十年间,在抚养子女上的一些社会经 济差异已经缩小了。

(定位)由题干关键词 socioeconomic differences shrunk和 in the past ten years定位至原文画线处。

P)  Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as income inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed.

(详解)定位段指出在过去十年间,虽然收入不平等加剧,但抚养孩子的一些社会经济差异,比如为孩子朗读 书籍、陪孩子去图书馆,已经在缩小,故答案为P)。