36. Working-class parents teach their children to be obedient and show respect to adults.
(译文)工薪阶层的
父母教导孩子要听话
尊重大人。
(定位)由题干关键词
Working-class parents
和 adults定位到原文
画线处。
G) Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally
thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play.
They are taught to be compliant and deferential to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, whine less and are closer with family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and enroute to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.
(详解)[G]段指出,工薪阶层的父母认为子女可以自然面然地成长,所以给孩子更多的自主权和自由玩要
的时间。孩子们所受的教育多是顺从尊重长辈。原文中的 compliant和 respectful to adults分别对应题干中
的 obedient和 show respect to adults,故答案为G)。
37. American parents, whether rich or poor, have similar expectations of their children despite different ways of parenting.
(译文)尽管美国父母的养
育方式不同,但无论贫富,他们
对子女的期望都是一样的。
定位)由题干关键词
Amencan parents、 similar和
heir children定位到原文画
线处。
F) American parents want similar things for their children, the Pew report and past research have found: for them to be healthy and happy, honest and ethical, caring and compassionate. There is no best parenting style or philosophy, researchers say, and across income groups, 92 percent of parents say they are doing a good job at raising their children. Yet they are doing it quite differently. Middle-class and higher-income parents see their children as projects in need of careful cultivation, says Annette Lareau, whose groundbreaking research on the topic was published in her book Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race and Family Life. They try to develop their skills through close supervision and organized activities, and teach children to question authority figures and navigate elite institutions.
定位句指出,美国父母都希望自己的孩子能够健康快乐,诚实有道德等。题干中的si
ions对应原文中的 similar things,故答案为F)。
38. While rich parents are more concerned with their children’s psychological well-being, poor parents are more worried about their children’s safety.
(译文)富有的父母更关心孩子的
心理健康,而贫穷的父母更担心孩
子的安全。
(定位)由题干关键词 rich parents
和 poor parents定位到原文画
线处。
M) Less-educated parents, and poorer and black and Latino parents are more likely to believe that there is no such thing as too much involvement in a child’s education. Parents who are white, wealthy or college-educated say too much involvement can be bad. Parental anxieties reflect their circumstances. High-earning parents are much more likely to say they live in a good neighborhood for raising children. While bullying is parents’ greatest concern over all, nearly half of low-income parents worry their child will get shot, compared with one-fifth of high-income parents. They are more worried about their children being depressed or anxious.
(详解)定位句指出,所有的父母都很关注孩子是否受到欺凌,而收入较低的父母最担心的是孩子会遭遇枪
击,较富有的父母更关注孩子是否会有抑郁或焦虑等心理问题。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为M)。
39. The increasing differences in child rearing between rich and poor families reflect growing social inequality.
(译文)富裕家庭和贫穷家庭抚养子女
越来越大的差异,反映了日益严重的社会
不平等现象。
定位由题干关键词 differences in
child rearing和 inequality定位到原文画
线处。
D) The class differences in child rearing are growing, researchers say—a symptom of widening inequality with far-reaching consequences. Different upbringings set children on different paths and can deepen socioeconomic divisions, especially because education is strongly linked to earnings. Children grow up learning the skills to succeed in their socioeconomic stratum, but not necessarily others.
(详解)定位句指出,子女抚养方面的阶层差异正在扩大,这是不平等现象加剧的一个征兆,将会有深远的影
响。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为D)。
40. Parenting approaches of working-class and affluent families both have advantages.
(译文)工薪家庭和富裕
家庭的养育方式各有利弊。
(定位)由题干关键词
approaches Fn advantages
定位到原文画线处。
G) Working-class parents, meanwhile, believe their children will naturally thrive, and give them far greater independence and time for free play. They are taught to be compliant and deferential to adults. There are benefits to both approaches. Working-class children are happier, more independent, whine less and are closer with family members, Ms. Lareau found. Higher-income children are more likely to declare boredom and expect their parents to solve their problems. Yet later on, the more affluent children end up in college and enroute to the middle class, while working-class children tend to struggle. Children from higher-income families are likely to have the skills to navigate bureaucracies and succeed in schools and workplaces, Ms. Lareau said.
详解(G)段指出两种教育方法各有利,并进行了详尽对比,题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为G)。
41. Higher-income families and working-class families tend to live in different neighborhoods.
(译文)高收入家庭和工薪
家庭现在居住在不同的
社区。
(定位)由题干关键词
different neighborhoods 定
位至原文画线处。
O) Children were not always raised so differently. The achievement gap between children from high- and low-income families is 30 percent to 40 percent larger among children born in 2001 than those born 25 years earlier, according to Mr. Reardon’s research. People used to live near people of different income levels; neighborhoods are now more segregated by income. More than a quarter of children live in single-parent households—a historic high, according to Pew—and these children are three times as likely to live in poverty as those who live with married parents. Meanwhile, growing income inequality has coincided with the increasing importance of a college degree for earning a middle-class wage.
(详解)定位句指出,以前不同收入水平的邻居杂居于同一社区,但如今出现了更多因收入不同而隔离开来
的社区。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为O)。
42. Physical punishment is used much less by well-educated parents.
(译文)受过良好教育
的父母很少体罚孩子。
(定位由题干关键词
Physical punishment定位
至原文画线处。
K) Another example is reading aloud, which studies have shown gives children bigger vocabularies and better reading comprehension in school. Seventy-one percent of parents with a college degree say they do it every day, compared with 33 percent of those with a high school diploma or less, Pew found. White parents are more likely than others to read to their children daily, as are married parents. Most affluent parents enroll their children in preschool or day care, while low-income parents are more likely to depend on family members. Discipline techniques vary by education level: 8 percent of those with a postgraduate degree say they often spank their children, compared with 22 percent of those with a high school degree or less.
(详解)定位句指出教育层次还导致家长处罚子女的差异:具有研究生学位且声称经常打孩子的父母占比为
8%.,面高中或高中以下学历的父母,经常这样做的比例达到2%,题干中的 Physical punishment对应原文中
children,故答案为K)。
43. Ms. Lareau doesn’t believe participating in fewer after-class activities will negatively affect children’s development.
(译文)安妮特·拉罗不相信参加较少的课外活
动会对孩子的发展产生负面影响。
(定位)由题干关键词 fewer after-class activities
定位至原文画线处。
H) “Do all parents want the most success for their children? Absolutely,” she said. “Do some strategies give children more advantages than others in institutions? Probably they do. Will parents be damaging children if they have one fewer organized activity? No, I really doubt it.”
(详解)(H段在引用安妮特·拉罗的话时,提到“如果父母少安排一次活动,会不会对孩子有害?我对此却
持怀疑态度。题干是对定位句的同义转述,故答案为H)。
44. Wealthy parents are concerned about their children’s mental health and busy schedules.
(译文)富有的父母关心孩子的心理健康和繁
忙的日程安排。
(定位)由题干关键词 mental health和busy
schedules定位至原文画线处。
B) Well-off families are ruled by calendars, with children enrolled in ballet, soccer and after-school programs, according to a new Pew Research Center survey. There are usually two parents, who spend a lot of time reading to children and worrying about their anxiety levels and hectic schedules.
(详解)定位句指出较富有的家庭中,父母更关注孩子的焦虑程度和紧张的日程安排。题干中的are
concerned about对应原文中的 worrying about,故答案为B)。
45. Some socioeconomic differences in child rearing have shrunk in the past ten years.
(译文)过去十年间,在抚养子女上的一些社会经
济差异已经缩小了。
(定位)由题干关键词 socioeconomic differences
shrunk和 in the past ten years定位至原文画线处。
P) Yet there are recent signs that the gap could be starting to shrink. In the past decade, even as income inequality has grown, some of the socioeconomic differences in parenting, like reading to children and going to libraries, have narrowed.
(详解)定位段指出在过去十年间,虽然收入不平等加剧,但抚养孩子的一些社会经济差异,比如为孩子朗读
书籍、陪孩子去图书馆,已经在缩小,故答案为P)。